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Contents:
Saul Chosen as King
The Rescue of Jabesh
Saul's First Disobedience
Saul's Foolish Order
Saul's Downfall Foretold
Saul's Jealousy of David
Saul Murders the High Priest
David Spares Saul's Life
David Again Spares Saul's Life
The Witch of Endor
Saul's Death
Summary
The biography of King Saul is a tragic story of a good peasant
corrupted by having great power thrust upon him, against his own and
the LORD's wishes.
The people of Israel had for centuries been governed and rescued
from military crisis by local leaders known as “judges.” But the
judge system had lost public support, and the population demanded
that the last judge, the prophet Samuel, reform the political system
and name a king to succeed him, in spite of the LORD's warning that
this would be a disaster.
At the LORD's direction, Samuel named Saul, a young farmer, to be
king. Though Saul didn't want the job and hid, he was quickly found,
and a ceremony of anointing was observed. Then Saul, still avoiding
the kingship, returned to his father's farm.
But a crisis arose when the Israelite city of Jabesh came under
severe attack. Reasoning that national security was a king's job,
Saul rose to the occasion and used an ingenious public relations
campaign to assemble an army, and Jabesh was rescued. Upon this
stunning performance, Saul became a national hero and took his
throne.
But in spite of his heroism, Saul was unfit for leadership of God's
people. Placing military strategy, pride, and greed above public
service and faithfulness to the LORD, Saul ignored his kingly duties
of national security, moral leadership, and obedience to the LORD,
investing the latter part of his reign in a paranoid hunt for his
faithful army general David, whom he wrongly considered a rival.
As a result of many acts of disobedience, the LORD removed Saul from
power, and removed his heirs from the throne that should otherwise
have been theirs.
Where to read Saul's story:
1 Samuel 8 -
31; 1
Chronicles 10
Saul Chosen as King -
Top^
Today's oldest generation can remember how the automobile changed
the world, and even young adults remember how different life was
before the internet. We have become accustomed to thinking of
technology as a big driver of change, and for us, it is. But in
Saul's day, politics was the big force driving change in the world.
People-groups in Saul's part of the world were evolving from the
city-state system to the nation-state system, and everyone
recognized the advantages of the conversion.
Israel was under constant threat of invasion, and their enemies were
becoming stronger by virtue of this political progress. In addition,
Israel's political system was failing, for the godly prophet Samuel
was aging, and his sons, in training to succeed him, were too
corrupt to be allowed to take his place. Israel had toyed with the
nation-state idea since the days of Gideon,1 and now the nation's
local leaders approached Samuel and demanded that he reform the
political system to a nation-state, and name a king over Israel.
The LORD's intention was to keep the political system a theocracy,
at least for a time. So Samuel, speaking for the LORD, violently
objected, pointing out in detail the political corruption that was
certain to result from this move. But the people were not to be
persuaded. So God told Samuel to meet their demands. Samuel sent the
people home with the promise a king would be named.
Meanwhile, Saul was a young man working his father's farm. He was
well known locally for his height, being a foot taller than the
other tall men. A herd of donkeys had escaped from Saul's farm, and
his father sent him to search for them. Saul packed a few days' food
and left with a servant. They searched from town to town until their
food supply was exhausted, but didn't find the donkeys. Finally,
being in Samuel's neighborhood, they decided to visit the prophet
and see if he would ask the LORD to help them find the donkeys.
When they arrived they found Samuel, having been prompted in advance
by God, preparing a feast. He made Saul his guest of honor, to
Saul's bafflement. Samuel told Saul the donkeys had been found. Then
in a private meeting, he told him the LORD had selected him to be
king of Israel.
To validate this surprising statement, Samuel offered Saul several
prophecies as signs, including a prophecy that the LORD's Spirit
would change Saul into a different person, and he would do things
uncharacteristic of him. All those signs were fulfilled the same
day, but Saul, apparently not liking the idea, kept the whole thing
a secret.
Nevertheless, Samuel hosted a coronation, inviting the entire
nation. As was their custom, they held a lottery to discover the
LORD's choice. God arranged for Saul to win the lottery, but when
the result was announced, they couldn't find him. They asked God
where Saul was, and God replied that he was hiding in the supply
depot. When Saul was brought to the fore, the public was impressed
with his height and handsome features. They celebrated, chanting
“God save the king!”
Then Samuel presented king and people with a great innovation: a
written constitution. Centuries ago God had foretold exactly these
events, and had supplied Moses with regulations governing the king's
actions.2
Samuel explained these to the public, and the ceremony
ended. Saul returned to his father's farm, and some of the people
accompanied him, hoping to lend their support to the new king.
Source:
1 Samuel 8 -
10
Notes:
* This was written in 2002.
1 Judges 8:22-23
2 Deuteronomy 17:14-20
The Rescue of Jabesh -
Top^
One day when Saul was returning from the field with his oxen, he
heard the townspeople crying aloud. He followed the noise and asked
what the news was. They told him this story:
The Israelite town of Jabesh was under attack by the Ammonite king
Nahash. The people of Jabesh, recognizing their defenseless
situation, tendered their surrender. But cruel Nahash would accept
their surrender only if every man in Jabesh allowed Nahash to gouge
out his right eye. Nahash was probably leveraging his anticipated
victory, reasoning that if the Jabeshites tolerated this, no other
Israelite town would have the morale to resist him. The people of
Jabesh requested 7 days to recruit an army, agreeing to submit to
Nahash's condition if they were then still unable to fight. With the
taste of future effortless conquests rich in his mouth, Nahash
agreed.
Saul reacted like a true king, treating this as an emergency of the
first magnitude. He immediately slaughtered the oxen he had on hand,
and cut them into many pieces. He placed the pieces in the hands of
his servants and supporters. He sent them to every city and town in
Israel with the message, “If you don't want this to happen to your
cattle, report for military duty now!” Shocked by this startling
mode of communication, the men showed up, totally united in sympathy
with Jabesh.
Learning of their coming rescue, the men of Jabesh were thrilled.
They slyly repeated their message to Nahash, that if no rescuing
army came, they would submit to his cruel demand.
King Saul divided his army into three divisions and surrounded the
Ammonite army during the night. Toward morning they attacked.
Apparently catching the enemy by surprise, they routed them so
completely that by afternoon, what survivors were left were so
scattered that no two were together. Jabesh was rescued.
Naturally, the nation was elated with this victory. They held a
second coronation ceremony for Saul, at which Samuel retired from
office, and Saul assumed day-to-day leadership of the nation. Samuel
preached a great sermon, admonishing the people to be faithful to
the LORD under their new king.
King Saul showed great magnanimity in an occurrence that day. At
Saul's original coronation, certain people had opposed his
appointment as king. Today, the entire nation came to be Saul's
supporters, and they called for the death sentence against those who
had opposed Saul earlier. But before anything could be done, Saul
nullified their verdict, saying no one would be put to death during
the celebration of a great victory given by the LORD.
The people of Jabesh never forgot their debt to Saul. Decades later
when Saul was killed in battle and his body desecrated by the enemy,
the brave men of Jabesh risked their lives to retrieve his body and
give him an honorable burial.
Source:
1 Samuel 11
Saul's First Disobedience
- Top^
It wasn't long, however, before King Saul abandoned his noble ideas,
and from there his deterioration was continuous.
Failing to keep the momentum of this victory, Saul disbanded the
army, keeping only 3,000 troops active. With a third of this tiny
force, Saul's enthusiastic son Jonathan attacked Geba, a
well-equipped Philistine outpost deep in Israelite territory.
Realizing how the Philistines would react, Saul ordered another
draft, probably hoping to amass an army as big as for the Jabesh
battle, about 330,000 men.
The Philistine reaction was swift and strong. They assembled a
massive army, equipped with 3,000 chariots — invincible against
Israel's foot soldiers. The Israelites, lacking a metalworking
industry, weren't even equipped with swords or spears. They were
badly outmatched in both numbers and equipment.
The prophet Samuel had made arrangements to meet Saul at a certain
time, to offer sacrifices and ask the LORD's blessing on this
military venture. Many times before, God had given his people great
victories, even when they were similarly outmatched.
But as the time passed Israel's soldiers, seeing the brewing crisis
and the king's worried state, began to go AWOL. Saul, seeing his
army evaporating before his eyes, panicked. Rather than trust the
LORD for victory, he decided he needed to stop the loss of manpower.
So, without waiting for Samuel to arrive, he offered the sacrifices
himself — an act prohibited by the LORD's law.
Just as Saul was finishing, Samuel arrived. Saul tried to make
excuses for his violation, but Samuel replied that because of Saul's
disobedience, the LORD would remove him from being king, replacing
him with “a man after [God's] own heart.”
Source:
1 Samuel 13
Saul's Foolish Order -
Top^
So many soldiers had fled that Saul's army numbered only 600 men.
His son Jonathan took one man and set out on his own, not sure on
what mission they would embark. They came upon a small Philistine
outpost of about 20 men, and decided to attack it, seeking the
LORD's help.
The LORD did help them — an earthquake struck, throwing the
Philistines into panic. The attack was successful, and Philistines
at other nearby posts, fearing the earthquake and hearing the cries
of Jonathan's victims, were similarly thrown into panic. Saul sprang
into action.
In those days a priest, using proper ceremony, could ask God a
question, and God would answer. Saul began asking his priest to
consult the LORD, but the situation was urgent, and he foolishly
decided he couldn't afford to take the time. Just as in the previous
battle, Saul considered military considerations more important than
having God's aid.
So canceling his call to the LORD, Saul sent his tiny force directly
into battle, compounding his foolish decision by calling the LORD's
curse on any of his men who stopped fighting to eat before sundown.
As a result, his men, weak with hunger, were not fighting at their
best.
However, the earthquake and Jonathan's assault had put momentum on
their side. Many Israelites who had defected to the Philistines now
changed sides again, and fought against the Philistines. This
brought great confusion into the Philistine camps, and in many
places Philistines killed each other. Ultimately, the Philistines
were defeated, in spite of their vast superiority.
However, during the day Jonathan had stumbled onto a honeycomb.
Being hungry, and having been absent during the announcement of his
father's curse, he stopped a moment, ate some honey, was refreshed,
and continued fighting.
When evening came, the soldiers paused to eat, and then Saul
proposed that they resume the fight during the night, before the
surviving Philistines could escape. Saul's priest Ahiah suggested
they consult the LORD this time, and Saul agreed — fortunately, for
God had honored Saul's curse, and as a result fighting further would
have been a disaster. They called on God, but God did not answer.
Saul rightly assumed God kept silence because someone in the army
had broken faith. Again following their custom, they drew lots to
find out who was the violator. God arranged for Jonathan to “win”
this lottery. Saul demanded that he confess his violation. By now
Jonathan realized his father had called on the LORD to curse anyone
who ate before sundown, and Jonathan confessed he had snacked on
honey. Saul pronounced the death sentence on his son, but the
soldiers violently objected, realizing that Jonathan's courageous
attack had sparked the day's great victory. Jonathan was rescued.
But because of Saul's foolish management that day, the military
momentum was lost. The army withdrew, and the invading Philistines
were not expelled.
Source:
1 Samuel 14
Saul's Downfall Foretold
- Top^
Later Saul graduated from ignoring the LORD to outright
disobedience.
God sent the prophet Samuel to King Saul with a mission. We see how
their relationship had deteriorated, because Samuel, introducing his
message, pulled rank on the king, saying “You should listen to me,
because I am the one the LORD used to anoint you king in the first
place.”
The LORD's assignment to Saul was: attack the evil Amalekites;
destroy them completely, taking no survivors and no plunder. This
was unusual, for typically slaves and plunder were a soldier's pay.
Saul assembled his army, made special arrangements to protect nearby
innocents, and laid an ambush against the Amalekites. With the
LORD's help, the battle was a great success. However, Saul kept the
Amalekite King Agag alive as a trophy, and his soldiers, following
his example, kept much Amalekite livestock as plunder.
At this disobedience, the LORD spoke to Samuel, saying he regretted
making unfaithful Saul king. Samuel lay awake all night, bitterly
crying to God for the disaster that was coming on Saul.
The next day Samuel found Saul, who greeted him saying, “I have
performed the commandment of the LORD.” Samuel answered, “If you
obeyed the LORD, what are all these animals here for?” Saul made
excuses, but Samuel was firm against all his arguments, pointing out
that even if Saul sacrificed all those animals, as his excuse
claimed, it wouldn't undo his act of rebellion. Obedience is
precious to God.
Samuel turned to leave, realizing that there was no point in
supporting Saul's regime further. But it would have been very
embarrassing for Saul if Samuel didn't show his support. Saul begged
Samuel to stay, and finally grabbed him by his robe, tearing it.
This was a huge faux pas. Samuel replied, “The LORD has similarly
torn the kingdom from you, and won't change his mind.” Still, Saul
begged Samuel not to embarrass him by leaving without saying a few
appropriate words.
Samuel demanded a sword, which was brought to him. His appropriate
words were addressed to the Amalekite King Agag: “As your sword has
made women childless, so shall your mother be childless” — and he
killed him, as the LORD had told Saul to do.
Samuel went home, grieving deeply for a long time over the loss of
Saul. They never saw each other again.1
Source:
1 Samuel
15
Note:
1 Except for one hostile meeting,
1 Samuel 19:23-24.
Saul's Jealousy of David
- Top^
In a private ceremony the prophet Samuel, acting under God's
direction, anointed an obscure boy named David to be the future king
of Israel.
Ever since Samuel disavowed Saul, Saul had had severe bouts of
depression. His staff recommended music to sooth his mood, and so
David, a skilled harpist and singer, was retained as Saul's private
musician. David was also a courageous young man who mixed well with
Saul's military staff.
Since the LORD was no longer aiding Saul, the Philistines were now
able to encroach deeply into Israelite territory, and Saul's army
was unsuccessful against them. One summer as the two armies were
facing each other, each waiting for the other to strike, a huge
Philistine soldier named Goliath, probably over nine feet tall,
stalked the valley between the two armies, shouting taunts, and
challenging any Israelite to one-on-one combat. Israelite soldiers
scattered at his approach.
The Israelite who should logically have answered the challenge was
King Saul — but he, like everyone else, was afraid. David, probably
only about 16 by now, was enraged that this evil man was allowed to
insult the LORD this way, and he volunteered to fight. With no
armor, and no weapon except a shepherd's sling, he killed Goliath
with his first stone. He proceeded to take the giant's sword from
him and cut off his head with it.
Seeing their hero felled thus, the Philistines panicked and ran.
Saul's army sprang to action, chasing them and inflicting many
casualties. For the rest of that summer campaign, the Israelites
were successful. David himself led many successful battles.
It is a mark of David's obscurity that as he was advancing toward
Goliath, Saul, who had employed David's services as a musician, said
to general Abner, “Who is that kid?” and Abner replied, “I don't
know.”
After this summer, though, David was obscure no more. As the armies
returned home in the fall, the civilians celebrated the successful
war season. The artistically inclined wrote songs, and a line from
one of these songs, “Saul has slain thousands, and David tens of
thousands,” brought joy to by everyone — but it galled Saul.
David's rapid rise to success, his great popularity with the public,
and the (true) rumor that the LORD had named David the next king,
convinced Saul that David wanted to eliminate him and seize the
throne. This was far from the truth. As we shall see, David was
supremely loyal to Saul. Saul, however, captured by depression and
paranoia, hated David.
Saul became deeply depressed and moody, and his staff, not realizing
his thoughts about David were the cause of his melancholy, called
David to play the harp for him. While David played, Saul fondled his
spear and nursed his anger. Suddenly, he hurled his spear at David,
who fled from the room. However, loyal David remained in Saul's
service in spite of this violation.
Deciding to avoid direct murder and kill David by subterfuge, Saul
began sending him on very difficult military missions, with the hope
that he would be killed. David foiled his plans, however, by
successfully completing every mission. The public and the king's
staff became more and more pleased with David, but this only made
Saul hate him more.
Saul's next effort to kill David was also subversive. Saul's
daughter Michal had a crush on David, and Saul offered her in
marriage to David if he would kill 100 Philistines within a certain
time limit, and provide evidence of the feat. Saul hoped David would
be killed in the attempt. David, going beyond the call of duty,
killed 200. And so this plot also failed.
Next, Saul openly ordered his staff to find David and kill him.
Prince Jonathan, who had become David's best friend, first warned
David to hide, and then spoke to Saul on David's behalf, reminding
him of David's loyal deeds. Saul listened to reason, rescinded the
order, and was reunited with David.
Then one day, while Saul was depressed and David was playing the
harp for him, Saul again fell into a rage and threw his spear at
David. David fled to Samuel's home where, in spite of the
discouraging circumstances, the two of them along with some others
worshipped and praised God. Saul sent men to arrest David, but when
they arrived, the Spirit of the LORD seized them, and they began
praising God with David and Samuel. Saul sent a second and a third
group, with the same result. Finally, Saul himself went to capture
David. Arriving at their praise meeting, Saul was overcome and began
praising God too, abandoning his original intentions.
David next secured Jonathan's aid in appealing to the king. But as
Jonathan pled David's case, Saul became enraged and threw his spear
at Jonathan. Jonathan had previously defended his father's motives,
but this convinced him of Saul's evil intentions toward David. In
fury, Jonathan stormed away. He told David the whole story. The two
swore an oath to be lifelong friends, and then David went into
hiding.
Source:
1 Samuel 16 -
20
Saul Murders the High Priest
- Top^
At this point King Saul graduated from merely disobeying the LORD to
full-fledged hostility against him. If God favored David, Saul
reasoned, then God was a traitor to be punished.
When David fled from Saul, he rushed away with no supplies. Lacking
weapons and food, but not wanting to implicate anyone as an
accomplice to an accused traitor, David went immediately to the high
priest, who knew nothing of David's situation and would be above
suspicion. David invented a story, telling the priest nothing that
might compromise him, and asking for food and Goliath's sword, which
was in storage there. These the priest supplied.
Saul had immediately formed a posse and began hunting for David. He
raged irrationally at his staff, accusing them of aiding the
“traitor,” and bemoaning their lack of loyalty. One of them, Doeg,
had been with the high priest during David's visit, and accused the
priest of complicity.
Saul summoned the high priest and his extended family, 85 priests in
all, for questioning. It was clearly impossible for them to have
received advance word about David's supposed disloyalty — David had
fled immediately, arriving before any messenger could have — and
David's superb record of success and loyalty was known to all. But
irrational Saul accused them and sentenced them all to death. No one
on Saul's staff was willing to carry out the sentence, fearing the
LORD's judgment. But Saul told Doeg to kill them, and he did. Then
he went to their town, Nob, and killed the entire population as
accomplices.
Only one man is known to have escaped the slaughter — Abiathar the
son of the recently murdered high priest, and therefore the new high
priest. Abiathar fled to join David, and the two refugees remained
together.
This incident figured prominently into Saul's downfall. In those
days a priest could ask God a question, and God would answer. From
this time on, Saul could no longer inquire of the LORD, since he had
no priest, having murdered them all. Later on, Saul tried to
communicate with God, but couldn't. But David could inquire of the
LORD — he now had the high priest in his exiled community, and he
made good use of this important resource.
Source:
1 Samuel 21 -
22
David Spares Saul's Life
- Top^
By this time, King Saul had lost all traces of rational leadership.
Abandoning his national security duties, he committed himself full
time to a manhunt for exiled David.
Exiles and unwelcome people of all sorts flocked to the resourceful
and charismatic David, and he had in his care a community of 600
families. When the Philistines attacked the Israelite town of Keilah,
Saul should have defended his borders, but he was too busy hunting
for David. So David, after inquiring of the LORD, took his men,
defeated the Philistines, and rescued Keilah. However, the LORD
warned David that Saul was coming to Keilah to kill him, so David
fled to the wilderness, hiding wherever he could in the desert and
the hills. Saul hunted daily, but David eluded him, with help from
God.
One day David and his men were hiding in a cave, while Saul and his
elite troops marched by, searching for them. As it happened, the
army stopped to rest right outside David's cave, and Saul entered
the cave to relieve himself in privacy.
Having just come in from the bright desert sun, Saul was virtually
blind, but the eyes of David and his men were adapted to the dark,
from hours in the cave. Saul removed his clothing and weapons, then
walked deeper into the cave, but David's men were fully armed. Saul
was alone, but David had a small army with him.
David's men urged him to take advantage of this God-given
opportunity to end the entire problem by killing Saul, who was,
after all, trying to kill David. David, however, remembered that it
was the LORD who had made Saul king, and reasoned that attacking
Saul was therefore equal to attacking the LORD. Instead, he snuck to
where Saul had left his clothes, and cut off a section of the hem of
his robe. Later, he was conscience-stricken even for this, having
caused Saul embarrassment when he faced his men exposed by damaged
clothing.
Saul departed the cave, totally unaware of his escape from certain
death. As Saul rejoined his men, David, showing extreme courage,
persuasiveness, and trust in God, emerged from the cave alone and
called out to Saul. Displaying the hem of Saul's robe, he preached a
sermonette about his loyalty to Saul, even giving Saul face-saving
opportunities to pass the blame for his wrong behavior.
Even the nearly-insane Saul was struck by David's words and his
mercy. He called off the chase and went home.
But David knew too well that Saul's repentance could not be trusted.
He remained in exile.
Source:
1 Samuel 23 -
24
David Again Spares Saul's Life
- Top^
David was right. King Saul again took up the chase, taking his elite
troops into the field to hunt for David. Feeling the need for some
military intelligence to aid in planning his defense, David took his
nephew Abishai and went on a nighttime patrol.
They trekked across the desert and found Saul's camp. To their
complete surprise, every night watchman was sound asleep.
Intrepidly, David and Abishai walked right to the middle of the
encampment, where they found Saul, sound asleep, his spear standing
by his cot.
Abishai whispered to David, “Gimme one shot — just one!” David said
no — the LORD had made Saul king, and anyone who opposed him opposed
the LORD. They retrieved Saul's spear and canteen, and then walked
to a nearby hill to await daybreak.
As the sun rose over Saul's troops, David began calling taunts to
Saul's sleepy general Abner. “Wake up, Abner, wake up! I have a
message for you!” When Abner finally replied, David gave his
message: “For falling asleep on guard duty, you deserve to die!” As
they bantered back and forth, Saul realized it was David. He told
Saul his story, displaying the spear and canteen as evidence of his
good intentions. Momentarily coming to his senses, Saul again called
off the chase.
But again, David realized this was only a temporary reprieve — he
would never be safe while Saul lived.
Source:
1 Samuel 26
The Witch of Endor -
Top^
Things had gone badly for King Saul and Israel ever since Saul had
rejected the LORD. Enemies, especially the Philistines, pressed
hard. On this occasion, the Philistines planned a major invasion of
Israel. Saul was beside himself with worry.
Saul wanted advice and help from the LORD. He tried to inquire of
the LORD, but he had cut the authorized line of communication back
when he executed the LORD's priests. Committed to evil, he had done
nothing to repair the breach between him and God. So now, when he
asked for God's advice, God was silent.
Deeply distressed, Saul apparently decided that if the LORD wouldn't
talk to him, maybe Satan would. He asked his staff to find him a
spirit medium — absolutely against the LORD's law.
Saul disguised himself — one wonders how, since he was a foot taller
than the other tall men — and set out for the town of Endor, where
the medium lived. He told the medium to raise the prophet Samuel,
long dead now.
When Samuel appeared, the medium screamed in terror — suggesting she
wasn't accustomed to actually talking to the dead, but perhaps only
pretending to.
Samuel told Saul that the LORD refused to help him, and he wouldn't
help him either. Saul had rejected the LORD's leadership, and the
LORD had rejected Saul as king. Saul would die in the coming battle,
and David would become king.
Saul returned, deeply depressed.
Source:
1 Samuel 28
Saul's Death -
Top^
The major invasion launched by the Philistines against Israel was a
huge success. King Saul and his army were badly defeated. Saul's
heir and David's best friend, Prince Jonathan, was killed, as were
two other sons of Saul.
Hard pressed by Philistine soldiers, Saul was wounded. Unable to
escape, and afraid of being captured and tortured by the enemy, Saul
urged his armor-bearer to kill him. Afraid, he refused. So Saul fell
on his own sword and died. Seeing this, his armor-bearer did the
same. This double suicide was one of only five suicide events
recorded in the Bible.
Seeing the battle lost and their king dead, the Israelites in the
region abandoned their homes, which the Philistines then occupied.
The Philistine soldiers found Saul's body. In spite of Saul's
failures and sins, he had done much to protect Israel, and his body
was a great trophy to his enemies. They cut off his head and strung
his body outside the city wall for all to see.
Summery This was too much for the men of Jabesh, whom Saul had rescued many
years ago from a horrible fate. They journeyed through the night and
removed the headless bodies of Saul and his sons from the city wall.
If they had been caught, they would certainly have been killed. They
escaped to Jabesh, however, cremated and buried them, and hosted a
proper funeral.
Source:
1 Samuel 31;
1 Chronicles 10
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